Service

Exameneisen PPL Navigation + Flight planning and monitoring

Algemene informatie

Opgesteld door: CBR divisie CCV

Categoriecode en exameninformatie:

  • LVPAPNV (PPLA, LAPLA), digitaal, 18 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (14 van de 18 vragen goed)
  • LVPHPNV (PPLH, LAPLH), digitaal, 18 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (14 van de 18 vragen goed)
  • LVGCPNV (RPLGC), digitaal, 18 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (14 van de 18 vragen goed)

Bijzonderheden: Voor RPLGC gelden dezelfde leerdoelen als PPLA.

Vastgesteld door:

Technische Commissie Navigation + Flight planning and monitoring

Beoordeeld door:

  • Logistiek, Transport en Personenvervoer raad; kamer 3: Luchtvaart op 6 maart 2023

Goedgekeurd door:

  • Divisiemanager CCV op 8 maart 2023

Ingangsdatum:

1 juli 2023

Datum laatste aanpassing:

8 maart 2023

Toelichting gebruik toetstermen:

  • Eindtermen: Dit zijn de hoofdonderwerpen die in het examen voorkomen. Hierin staat 'ruim' omschreven wat er in het examen terug kan komen.
  • Toetstermen: Dit zijn onderdelen van een eindterm. Hierin staat meer uitgebreid omschreven wat er in het examen terug kan komen.
  • Tax: Dit is de Taxonomiecode van Romiszowski. Deze code geeft aan op welk niveau de vragen over een toetsterm gesteld worden.

Toelichting Taxonomiecode:

  • F = Feitelijke kennis. De kandidaat kan feiten reproduceren (herkennen of herinneren).
  • B = Begripsmatige kennis. De kandidaat kan begrippen of principes omschrijven.
  • R = Reproductieve vaardigheden. De kandidaat kan acties uitvoeren die volgens een vastgelegde procedure verlopen.
  • P = Productieve vaardigheden. De kandidaat kan acties uitvoeren waarbij hij zijn eigen creativiteit en inzicht nodig heeft.

Eindterm 061 01 00 00 Basics of navigation

061 01 02 00 Position

  • 01 State that geodetic latitude and longitude is used to define a position on the WGS-84 ellipsoid. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define geographic latitude and parallels of latitude. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate the difference in latitude between any two given positions. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define geographic longitude and meridians. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Calculate the difference in longitude between any two given positions. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

061 01 03 00 Direction

  • 01 Define ‘true north’ (TN). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Measure a true direction on any given aeronautical chart. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Define ‘magnetic north’ (MN). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define and apply variation. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain changes of variation with time and position. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Define ‘compass north’ (CN). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Apply deviation. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Calculate XWC by: trigonometry; and MDR (Mental Dead Reckoning) Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain and apply the concepts of drift and WCA. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate the actual track with appropriate data of heading and drift. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Calculate TKE with appropriate data of WCA and drift. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Calculate the heading change at an off-course fix to directly reach the next waypoint using the 1:60 rule. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

061 01 04 00 Distance

  • 01 State that 1 NM is equal to 1.852 m, which is the average distance of 1' of latitude change on the WGS-84 ellipsoid. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that 1' of longitude change at the equator on the WGS-84 ellipsoid is approximately equal to 1 NM. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Convert between units of distance (nautical mile (NM), kilometre (km), statute mile (SM), feet (ft). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 State that horizontal distances are calculated in metres, kilometres and nautical miles. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    p02 State that when dealing with heights and altitudes the unit used is metres or feet subject to the choice of individual states. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

061 01 05 00 Speed

  • 01 Calculate TAS from CAS, and CAS from TAS by: mechanical computer; and rule of thumb (2 % per 1 000 ft). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Deduce CAS and TAS in climb/descent/cruise (flying at constant CAS). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Calculate headwind component (HWC) and tailwind component (TWC) by: trigonometry; and MDR. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Apply HWC and TWC to determine GS from TAS and vice versa. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the relationship between GS and TAS with increasing WCA. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Calculate GS with: mechanical computer (TOV solution); andMDR (given track, TAS and WV). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Perform GS, distance and time calculations. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

061 01 06 00 Triangle of velocities (TOV)

  • 01 Draw and correctly label the TOV. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Resolve the TOV for: heading and GS; WV; track and GS Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

061 01 07 00 Dead reckoning (DR)

  • 01 Determine a DR position. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 061 02 00 00 Visual flight rule (vfr) navigation

  • 08 Describe visual-navigation techniques including: use of DR position to locate identifiable landmarks; identification of charted features/landmarks; factors affecting the selection of landmarks; an understanding of seasonal and meteorological effects on the appearance and visibility of landmarks; selection of suitable landmarks; estimation of distance from landmarks from successive bearings; estimation of the distance from a landmark using an approximation of the sighting angle and the flight altitude. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 061 03 00 00 Great circles and rhumb lines

061 03 01 00 Great circles

  • 01 Describe the geometric properties of a great circle and a small circle. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State that a great-circle route is the shortest distance between any two positions on the Earth. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Name examples of great circles on the surface of the Earth. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

061 03 02 00 Rhumb lines

  • 01 Describe the geometric properties of a rhumb line. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State that a rhumb-line route is not the shortest distance between any two positions on the Earth (excluding meridians and equator). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 061 04 00 00 Charts

061 04 01 00 Chart requirements

  • 01 Recognise methods of representing scale on aeronautical charts. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

061 04 02 00 Projections

  • 01 State the properties of a direct Mercator projection. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 State that the scale increases with increasing distance from the Equator. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State the properties of a Lambert projection. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the scale variation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

061 04 03 00 Practical use

  • 01 Recognise ICAO Annex 4 symbology, and the symbology on the Aeronautical chart 1:500.000 The Netherlands (published by LVNL). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Measure tracks and distances on VFR charts. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Fix the aircraft position on an en-route chart with information from VOR and DME equipment. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 Enter positions on a chart using geographical coordinates. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 061 05 00 00 Time and time conversions

061 05 01 00 Local Mean Time (LMT)

  • 01 Explain the concepts of a mean solar day and LMT. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Perform LMT and UTC calculations. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

061 05 02 00 Standard time

  • 01 Explain and apply the concept of standard time and daylight saving time, and perform standard time and daylight saving time calculations. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State the changes when crossing the International Date Line. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

061 05 03 00 Sunrise and sunset

  • 01 Define sunrise, sunset, and civil twilight, and extract times from a suitable source (e.g. an almanac). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the changes to sunrise, sunset, and civil twilight times with date, latitude and altitude. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain at which time of the year the duration of daylight changes at the highest rate. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Time; Distance; Fuel consumption; True altitude. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 062 01 00 00 Basic radio propagation theory

062 01 02 00 Antennas

  • 01 Recognize the common different types of antennas on an aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA
    03 Explain the importance of antenna placement on aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA

062 01 03 00 Wave propagation

  • 01 State that radio waves in VHF and UHF propagate as space waves. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that radio waves in LF, MF and HF propagate as surface/ground waves and sky waves. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 04 State that radio waves in the VHF band and above are limited in range as they are not reflected by the ionosphere and do not have a surface wave. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 062 02 00 00 Radio aids

062 02 01 00 Ground direction finding (DF)

  • 01 Describe the use of a ground DF. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the limitation of range because of the path of the VHF signal. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Define the term ‘QDM’: the magnetic bearing to the station. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define the term ‘QDR’: the magnetic bearing from the station. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain that by using more than one ground station, the position of an aircraft can be determined and transmitted to the pilot. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Use the formula: 1.23 × √transmitter height in feet + 1.23 × √receiver height in feet to calculate the range in NM. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain why synchronous transmissions will cause errors. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain that VDF information is divided into the following classes according to ICAO Annex 10: Class A: accurate to a range within ± 2°; Class B: accurate to a range within ± 5°; Class C: accurate to a range within ± 10°; Class D: accurate to less than Class C. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

062 02 02 00 Non-directional radio beacon (NDB)/automatic direction finding (ADF)

  • 01 Define the acronym ‘NDB’: non-directional radio beacon. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define the acronym ‘ADF’: automatic direction-finding equipment. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State that the NDB is the ground part of the system. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State that the ADF is the airborne part of the system. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 State that the NDB operates in the LF and MF frequency bands. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 State that the frequency band assigned to aeronautical NDBs according to ICAO Annex 10 is 190–1 750 kHz. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Define a ‘locator beacon’: an LF/MF NDB used as an aid to final approach usually with a range of 10–25 NM. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    08 State that certain commercial radio stations transmit within the frequency band of the NDB. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    10 Describe the use of NDBs for navigation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    11 Describe the procedure to identify an NDB station. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Name the types of indicators commonly in use: electronic display; radio magnetic indicator (RMI); fixed-card ADF (radio compass); moving-card ADF. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Interpret the indications given on fixed-card and moving card ADF displays. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Given a display, interpret the relevant ADF information. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Calculate the true bearing from the compass heading and relative bearing. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State that the power of the transmitter limits the range of an NDB. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 State that there is no warning indication of NDB failure. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain ‘coastal refraction’: as a radio wave travelling over land crosses the coast, the wave speeds up over water and the wave front bends. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define ‘night/twilight effect’: the influence of sky waves and ground waves arriving at the ADF receiver with a difference of phase and polarisation which introduce bearing errors. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State that interference from other NDB stations on the same frequency may occur at night due to sky-wave contamination. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Describe diffraction of radio waves in mountainous terrain (mountain effect). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that static radiation energy from a cumulonimbus cloud may interfere with the radio wave and influence the ADF bearing indication. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

062 02 03 00 VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR): conventional VOR (CVOR) and Doppler VOR (DVOR)

  • 01 Explain the working principle of VOR using the following general terms:reference phase; variable phase; phase difference. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that the frequency band allocated to VOR according to ICAO Annex 10 is VHF, and the frequencies used are 108.0–117.975 MHz. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 State that automatic terminal information service (ATIS) information is transmitted on VOR frequencies. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 List the three main components of VOR airborne equipment: the antenna; the receiver; the indicator. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe the identification of a VOR in terms of Morse- code letters and additional plain text. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    08 State that according to ICAO Annex 10, a VOR station has an automatic ground monitoring system. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 02 Read off the angular displacement in relation to a preselected radial on a horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or omnibearing indicator (OBI). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the use of the TO/FROM indicator in order to determine aircraft position relative to the VOR considering also the heading of the aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Interpret VOR information as displayed on HSI and CDI. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe the following in-flight VOR procedures: tracking, and explain the influence of wind when tracking; Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 02 State that due to reflections from terrain, radials can be bent and lead to wrong or fluctuating indications, which is called ‘scalloping’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

062 02 04 00 Distance-measuring equipment (DME)

  • 01 State that DME operates in the UHF band. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that the system comprises two basic components: the aircraft component: the interrogator; the ground component: the transponder. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the principle of distance measurement using DME in terms of a timed transmission from the interrogator and reply from the transponder on different frequencies. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain that the distance measured by DME is slant range. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Illustrate that a position line using DME is a circle with the station at its centre. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    06 State that the pairing of VHF and UHF frequencies (VOR/DME) enables the selection of two items of navigation information from one frequency setting. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe, in the case of co-location with VOR and ILS, the frequency pairing and identification procedure. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    08 State that military UHF tactical air navigation aid (TACAN) stations may be used for DME information. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State that when identifying a DME station co-located with a VOR station, the identification signal with the higher- tone frequency is the DME which identifies itself approximately every 40 seconds. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State that a DME system may have a ground speed (GS) and time to station read-out combined with the DME read-out. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain why the GS read-out from a DME can be less than the actual GS, and is only correct when tracking directly to or from the DME station. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 062 03 00 00 Radar

  • 01 Explain that primary radar provides bearing and distance of targets. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain that primary ground radar is used to detect aircraft that are not equipped with a secondary radar transponder. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

062 03 04 00 Secondary surveillance radar and transponder

  • 01 State that the ATC system is based on the replies provided by the airborne transponders in response to interrogations from the ATC secondary radar. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that the ground ATC secondary radar uses techniques which provide the ATC with information that cannot be acquired by the primary radar. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State that an airborne transponder provides coded-reply signals in response to interrogation signals from the ground secondary radar and from aircraft equipped with traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State the advantages of secondary surveillance radar (SSR) over a primary radar regarding range and collected information due to transponder principal information and active participation of the aircraft. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 02 Name the interrogation modes: Mode A; Mode C; Mode S. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State the different operating modes of the transponder: Mode A: transmission of aircraft transponder code; Mode C: transmission of aircraft pressure altitude; Mode S: selection of aircraft address and transmission of flight data for the ground surveillance. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 State that Mode A designation is a sequence of four digits which can be manually selected from 4096 available codes. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 State that in Mode C reply, the pressure altitude is reported in 100-ft increments. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 State that in addition to the information provided, on request from ATC, a special position identification (SPI) pulse can be transmitted but only as a result of a manual selection by the pilot (IDENT button). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    08 State the need for compatibility of Mode S with Mode A and C. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    09 Explain that Mode S transponders receive interrogations from TCAS and SSR ground stations. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    10 State that Mode S interrogation contains either the aircraft address, selective call or all-call address. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    11 State that every aircraft is allocated an ICAO aircraft address, which is hard-coded into the Mode S transponder (Mode S address). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    12 Explain that a 24-bit address is used in all Mode S transmissions, so that every interrogation can be directed to a specific aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    13 State that Mode S can provide enhanced vertical tracking, using a 25-ft altitude increment. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State that an aircraft can be identified by a unique code. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State which information can be presented on the ATC display system:pressure altitude; flight level; flight number or aircraft registration number;GS. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the use and function of the selector modes: OFF, Standby, ON (Mode A), ALT (Mode A, C and S), TEST, and of the reply lamp. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 062 06 00 00 Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs)

062 06 01 00 Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs)

  • 01 State that there are four main GNSSs. These are: USA NAVigation System with Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS); Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS); European Galileo; Chinese BeiDou. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that all four systems (will) consist of a constellation of satellites which can be used by a suitably equipped receiver to determine position. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State that there are currently two modes of operation: standard positioning service (SPS) for civilian users, and precise positioning service (PPS) for authorised users. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 SPS was originally designed to provide civilian users with a less accurate positioning capability than PPS. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Name the three GNSS segments as follows: space segment; control segment; user segment. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 04 State that each satellite broadcasts ranging signals on UHF frequencies. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 State that the satellites transmit a coded signal used for ranging, identification (satellite individual PRN code), timing and navigation. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    08 State that the navigation message contains: satellite clock correction parameters; Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) parameters; an ionospheric model; satellite health data. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    09 State that an ionospheric model is used to calculate the time delay of the signal travelling through the ionosphere. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    11 State that satellites are equipped with atomic clocks which allow the system to keep very accurate time reference. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 14 State that GNSS supplies three-dimensional position fixes and speed data, plus a precise time reference. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    15 State that a GNSS receiver is able to determine the distance to a satellite by determining the difference between the time of transmission by the satellite and the time of reception. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    17 State that each range defines a sphere with its centre at the satellite. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    18 State that there are four unknown parameters (x, y, z and Δt) (receiver clock error) which require the measurement of ranges to four different satellites in order to get the position. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    19 State that the GNSS receiver is able to synchronise to the correct time reference when receiving four satellites. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    20 State that the receiver is able to calculate aircraft ground speed using the space vehicle (SV) Doppler frequency shift or the change in receiver position over time. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 List the most significant factors that affect accuracy: ionospheric propagation delay; dilution of position; satellite clock error; satellite orbital variations; multipath. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State that ionospheric delay is the most significant error. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 State that dilution of position arises from the geometry and number of satellites in view. It is called geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 033 01 00 00 Flight planning for VFR flights

033 01 01 00 VFR Navigation plan

  • 01 Select routes taking the following criteria into account: Classification of airspace; Restricted areas; Minimum safe altitudes; VFR Semi-circular rules; Visually conspicuous points; Radio navigation aids. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Find the frequency and/or identifiers of radio navigation aids from charts Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Find communication frequencies and call signs for the following: control agencies and service facilities; flight information services; weather information stations; Automatic Terminal Information Service Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Choose visual waypoints in accordance with specified criteria (large, unique, contrast, vertical extent, etc.) Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Measure courses and distances from a VFR chart. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Find the highest obstacle within a given distance either side of the course. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Find the following data from a VFR chart and transfer to them to a navigation plan: waypoints or turning points; distances; true/magnetic courses. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Calculate the vertical or horizontal distance and time to climb or descend to/from a given level or altitude. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 02 Find all visual procedures which can be expected at the departure, destination and alternate airfields Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Find all relevant aeronautical and regulatory information required for VFR flight planning from the aerodrome charts or aerodrome directory. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Calculate the true air speed (TAS) given aircraft performance data, altitude and OAT. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate individual and accumulated times for each leg to destination and alternate aerodromes. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 033 03 00 00 Fuel planning

033 03 01 00 General

  • 01 Convert between volume, mass and density given in different units which are commonly used in aviation. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Determine relevant data, such as fuel capacity, fuel flow/consumption at different power/thrust settings, altitudes and atmospheric conditions, from the flight manual. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate attainable flight time/range from given fuel flow/consumption and available amount of fuel. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Calculate the required fuel from given average fuel flow/consumption and required time/range to be flown. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Calculate the required fuel for a VFR flight given forecast meteorological conditions. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

033 03 02 00 Pre-flight fuel planning for flights under Part-NCO

  • 01 Define Taxi fuel Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Define trip fuel and name the segments of flight for which the trip fuel is relevant. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Determine the trip fuel for the flight using data from the navigation plan and fuel tables and/or graphs from the flight manual. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the reasons for having contingency fuel. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 03 Explain the reasons and regulations for having alternate fuel and name the segments of flight for which the fuel is relevant. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 05 Explain the reasons and regulations for having reserve fuel. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 02 Calculate the possible extra fuel under given conditions. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Calculate the total fuel required for a flight. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 033 04 00 00 Pre-flight preparation

033 04 01 00 AIP and NOTAM briefing

  • 01 Check that ground facilities and services required for the planned flight are available and adequate. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • p01 Explain the contents of a NOTAM, including commonly used abbreviations. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Find and analyse the latest en-route state for: route(s); restricted, danger and prohibited areas; changes of frequencies for communications, navigation aids and facilities. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 03 Confirm magnetic headings and GSs. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Confirm the individual leg times and the total time en route. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Confirm the total time en route for the trip to the destination. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Confirm the total time from destination to the alternate aerodrome. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 033 05 00 00 ICAO flight plan (ATS flight plan (FPL)

033 05 01 00 Individual FPL

  • 02 Determine the correct entries to complete an ATS FPL, particularly for the following: Aircraft identification (Item 7); Flight rules and type of flight (Item 8); Number and type of aircraft and wake turbulence category (Item 9); Equipment (Item 10); Departure aerodrome and time (Item 13); Route (Item 15); Destination aerodrome, total estimated elapsed time and alternate aerodrome (Item 16); Other information (Item 18); Supplementary Information (Item 19) Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 033 06 00 00 Flight monitoring and in-flight re-planning

033 06 01 00 Flight monitoring

  • 01 State the reasons for possible deviations from planned track and planned timings. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Calculate the ground speed using actual in-flight parameters. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate expected leg times using actual flight parameters. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • 02 Assess deviations of actual fuel consumption from planned consumption. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate fuel quantities used, fuel consumption and fuel remaining at navigation checkpoints/waypoints. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Compare the actual and the planned fuel consumption by means of calculation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Determine the remaining range and endurance by means of calculation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Calculate revised fuel consumption based on changes to the pre-flight plan including changes of W/V, cruise level, distances, and CAS. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

033 06 02 00 In-flight re-planning

  • 01 State that the pilot-in-command is responsible for ensuring that, even in case of diversion, the remaining fuel is not less than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made, with final reserve fuel remaining. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain that, in the case of an in-flight update, the pilot-in-command has to check the following: the suitability of the new destination or alternate aerodrome; meteorological conditions on revised routing and at revised destination or alternate aerodrome; the aircraft must be able to land with the prescribed final reserve fuel. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate the revised destination/alternate aerodrome landing mass from given latest data. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Confirm the individual leg times and the total time en route. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Confirm the total time en route for the trip to the destination. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Confirm the total time from destination to the alternate aerodrome. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

Wijzigingen

  • 061 01 01 00 Verwijderd The earth
    061 01 01 01 Verwijderd Form
    061 01 01 01 01 Verwijderd State that the geoid is an irregular shape based on the surface of the oceans influenced only by gravity and centrifugal force.
    061 01 01 01 02 Verwijderd State that WGS-84 is the reference ellipsoid required for geographical coordinates.
    061 01 01 02 Verwijderd Earth rotation
    061 01 01 02 01 Verwijderd Describe the rotation of the Earth around its own spin axis and the plane of the ecliptic (including the relationship of the spin axis to the plane of the ecliptic).
    061 01 01 02 02 Verwijderd Explain the effect that the inclination of the Earth’s spin axis has on insolation and duration of daylight.
    061 01 03 01 08 Toegevoegd Magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic.
    061 01 04 02 p01 Toegevoegd State that horizontal distances are calculated in metres, kilometres and nautical miles.
    061 01 04 02 p02 Toegevoegd State that when dealing with heights and altitudes the unit used is metres or feet subject to the choice of individual states.
    061 01 07 01 02 Verwijderd Evaluate the difference between a DR and a fix position.
    061 02 01 00 Verwijderd Ground features
    061 02 01 01 Verwijderd Ground features
    061 02 01 01 01 Verwijderd Recognise which elements would make a ground feature suitable for use for VFR navigation.
    061 02 01 02 Verwijderd Visual identification
    061 02 01 01 01 Verwijderd Describe the problems of VFR navigation at lower levels and the causes of reduced visibility.
    061 02 01 01 02 Verwijderd Describe the problems of VFR navigation at night.
    061 02 02 00 Verwijderd VFR navigation techniques
    061 02 02 01 03 Verwijderd Discuss the general features of a visual checkpoint and give examples.
    061 02 02 01 04 Verwijderd State that the evaluation of the differences between DR positions and actual position can vrefine flight performance and navigation.
    061 02 02 01 05 Verwijderd Establish fixes on navigational charts by plotting visually derived intersecting lines of position.
    061 02 02 01 06 Verwijderd Describe the use of a single observed position line to check flight progress.
    061 02 02 01 10 Verwijderd Understand the difficulties and limitations that may be encountered in map reading in some geographical areas due to the nature of terrain, lack of distinctive landmarks, or lack of detailed and accurate charted data.
    061 02 02 01 11 Verwijderd State the function of contour lines on a topographical chart.
    061 02 02 01 12 Verwijderd Indicate the role of ‘layer tinting’ (colour gradient) in relation to the depiction of topography on a chart.
    061 02 02 01 13 Verwijderd Using the contours shown on a chart, describe the appearance of a significant feature.
    061 02 02 01 14 Verwijderd Apply the techniques of DR, map reading, orientation, timing and revision of ETAs and headings.
    061 02 02 02 Verwijderd Unplanned events
    061 02 02 02 01 Verwijderd Explain what needs to be considered in case of diversion, when unsure of position and when lost.
    061 03 01 02 Verwijderd Convergence
    061 03 01 02 01 Verwijderd Explain why the track direction of a great-circle route (other than following a meridian or the equator) changes.
    061 04 01 01 Verwijderd ICAO Annex 4 ‘Aeronautical Charts’
    061 04 01 01 01 Verwijderd State the requirement for conformality and for a straight line to approximate a great circle.
    061 04 01 03 02 Verwijderd Perform scale calculations based on typical en-route chart scales.
    061 04 02 01 Verwijderd Methods of projection
    061 04 02 01 01 Verwijderd Identify cylindrical and conical projections.
    061 04 02 04 03 Vervangen Explain the scale variation throughout the charts as follows: the scale indicated on the chart will be correct at the standard parallels; the scale will increase away from the parallel of origin; the scale within the standard parallels differs by less than 1 % from the scale stated on the chart. wordt vervangen door Explain the scale variation.
    061 04 03 02 P01 Toegevoegd Enter positions on a chart using geographical coordinates.
    061 05 00 00 Vervangen Time door Time and time conversions
    061 05 03 01 01 Verwijderd UDP
    P061 05 04 00 Toegevoegd Use of mechanical computer
    P061 05 04 00 01 Toegevoegd Time; Distance; Fuel consumption; True altitude.
    062 01 01 00 Verwijderd Basic principles
    062 01 01 02 Verwijderd Frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase angle
    062 01 01 02 01 Verwijderd Define ‘frequency’: the number of cycles occurring in 1 second expressed in Hertz (Hz).
    062 01 01 02 02 Verwijderd Define ‘wavelength’: the physical distance travelled by a radio wave during one cycle of transmission.
    062 01 01 02 05 Verwijderd Define ‘phase’: the fraction of one wavelength expressed in degrees from 000° to 360°.
    062 01 01 02 06 Verwijderd Define ‘phase difference/shift’: the angular difference between the corresponding points of two cycles of equal wavelength, which is measurable in degrees (°).
    062 01 01 03 Verwijderd Frequency bands, sidebands, single sideband
    062 01 01 03 01 Verwijderd List the bands of the frequency spectrum for electromagnetic waves: low frequency (LF): 30–300 kHz; medium frequency (MF): 300–3 000 kHz; high frequency (HF): 3–30 MHz; very high frequency (VHF): 30–300 MHz; ultra-high frequency (UHF): 300–3 000 MHz;
    062 01 02 03 Toegevoegd Types of antennas
    062 01 02 03 01 Toegevoegd Recognize the common different types of antennas on an aircraft.
    062 01 02 03 03 Toegevoegd Explain the importance of antenna placement on aircraft.
    062 01 03 01 Verwijderd Structure of the ionosphere and its effect on radio waves
    062 01 03 01 01 Verwijderd State that the ionosphere is the ionised component of the Earth’s upper atmosphere from approximately 60 to 400 km above the surface, which is vertically structured in three regions or layers.
    062 01 03 01 03 Verwijderd State that electromagnetic waves refracted from the ionosphere are called sky waves.
    062 01 03 02 Verwijderd Ground waves
    062 01 03 02 01 Verwijderd Define ‘ground or surface waves’: the electromagnetic waves travelling along the surface of the Earth.
    062 01 03 03 Verwijderd Space waves
    062 01 03 03 01 Verwijderd Define ‘space waves’: the electromagnetic waves travelling through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver.
    062 03 02 00 Toegevoegd Ground radar
    062 03 02 00 01 Toegevoegd Explain that primary radar provides bearing and distance of targets.
    062 03 02 00 02 Toegevoegd Explain that primary ground radar is used to detect aircraft that are not equipped with a secondary radar transponder.
    062 06 01 01 01 Vervangen State the three main GNSSs: USA NAVigation System with Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS);Russian GLObal Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS);European Galileo (under construction);door: State that there are four main GNSSs. These are: USA NAVigation System with Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS); Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS); European Galileo; Chinese BeiDou.

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