Service

Exameneisen PPL Meteorology

Algemene informatie

Opgesteld door: CBR divisie CCV

Categoriecode en exameninformatie:

  • LVPAMET (PPLA, LAPLA) digitaal, 20 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (15 van de 20 vragen goed)
  • LVPHMET (PPLH/LAPLH) digitaal, 20 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (15 van de 20 vragen goed)
  • LVGCMET (RPLGC) digitaal, 20 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (15 van de 20 vragen goed)

Bijzonderheden: geen

Vastgesteld door:

Technische Commissie Meteorology

Beoordeeld door:

  • Logistiek, Transport en Personenvervoer raad; kamer 3: Luchtvaart op 6 maart 2023

Goedgekeurd door:

  • Divisiemanager CCV op 8 maart 2023

Ingangsdatum:

1 juli 2023

Datum laatste aanpassing:

8 maart 2023

Toelichting gebruik toetstermen:

  • Eindtermen: Dit zijn de hoofdonderwerpen die in het examen voorkomen. Hierin staat 'ruim' omschreven wat er in het examen terug kan komen.
  • Toetstermen: Dit zijn onderdelen van een eindterm. Hierin staat meer uitgebreid omschreven wat er in het examen terug kan komen.
  • Tax: Dit is de taxonomiecode van Romiszowski. Deze code geeft aan op welk niveau de vragen over een toetsterm gesteld worden.

Toelichting taxonomiecode:

  • F = Feitelijke kennis. De kandidaat kan feiten reproduceren (herkennen of herinneren).
  • B = Begripsmatige kennis. De kandidaat kan begrippen of principes omschrijven.
  • R = Reproductieve vaardigheden. De kandidaat kan acties uitvoeren die volgens een vastgelegde procedure verlopen.
  • P = Productieve vaardigheden. De kandidaat kan acties uitvoeren waarbij hij zijn eigen creativiteit en inzicht nodig heeft.

Eindterm 050 01 00 00 The atmosphere

050 01 01 00 Composition, extent, vertical division

  • 050 01 01 01 Structure of the atmosphere

    01 Describe the vertical division of the atmosphere, based on the temperature variations with height. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 List the following layers and their main qualitative characteristics: troposphere; stratosphere. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 01 02 Troposphere

    01 Describe the troposphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the main characteristics of the tropopause. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 01 02 00 Air temperature

  • 050 01 02 01 Definition and units

    01 Define ‘air temperature’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 List the units of measurement of air temperature used in aviation meteorology (°C, °F). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 02 02 Vertical distribution of temperature

    01 Describe the mean vertical distribution of temperature in the troposphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Mention the general causes of the cooling of the air in the troposphere with increasing altitude. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Calculate the temperature and temperature deviations (in relation to International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)) at specified levels. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 02 03 Transfer of heat

    01 Explain how local cooling or warming processes result in transfer of heat. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the filtering effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Explain how terrestrial radiation is absorbed by some components of the atmosphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Explain the effect of absorption and radiation in connection with clouds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    10 Explain the process of convection. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    11 Name the situations in which convection occurs. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    12 Explain the process of advection. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 02 04 Lapse rates

    01 Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the temperature lapse rates of the troposphere (mean value 0.65°C/100 m or 2°C/1000 ft and actual values). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 02 05 Development of inversions, types of inversions

    01 Describe the development and types of inversions. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the characteristics of inversions and of an isothermal layer concerning stability and vertical motions. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the reasons for the formation of the following inversions:- ground inversion (nocturnal radiation / advection), subsidence inversion, frontal inversion, inversion above friction layer. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 02 06 Temperature near the Earth’s surface, surface effects, diurnal variation, effect of clouds, effect of wind

    01 Explain the cooling/warming of the surface of the Earth by radiation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the cooling/warming of the air by heat transfer to/from the earth or sea surfaces. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 Sketch the diurnal variation of the temperature of the air in relation to the radiation of the sun and of the Earth. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe qualitatively the influence of the clouds on the cooling and warming of the surface and the air near the surface. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the influence of the wind on the cooling and warming of the air near the surfaces. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 01 03 00 Atmospheric pressure

  • 050 01 03 01 Barometric pressure, isobars

    01 Define ‘atmospheric pressure’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 List the units of measurement of the atmospheric pressure used in aviation (hPa, inches of Mercury). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define isobars and identify them on the surface weather charts. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Define ‘high’, ‘low’, ‘trough’, ‘ridge’, ‘col’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 03 02 Pressure variation with height

    01 Explain the pressure variation with height. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe quantitatively the variation of the barometric lapse rate. Note: An approximation of the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 27 ft (8 m) per 1 hPa. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 03 03 Reduction of pressure to QFF (MSL)

    01 Define ‘QFF’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Mention the use of QFF for surface weather charts. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 01 04 00 Air density

  • 050 01 04 01 Relationship between pressure, temperature and density

    01 Describe the relationship between pressure, temperature and density. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the vertical variation of the air density in the troposphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 01 05 00 International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

  • 050 01 05 01 International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

    01 Explain the use of standardised values for the atmosphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 List the main values of the ISA MSL pressure, MSL temperature, the vertical temperature lapse rate in the troposphere, height and temperature of the tropopause). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

050 01 06 00 Altimetry

  • 050 01 06 01 Terminology and definitions

    01 Define the following terms and explain how they are related to each other: height, altitude, pressure altitude, FL, pressure level, true altitude, true height, elevation, QNH, QFE and standard altimeter setting. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the terms ‘transition altitude’, ‘transition level’, ‘transition layer’, ‘terrain clearance’, ‘lowest usable flight level’. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 06 02 Altimeter settings

    01 Name the altimeter settings associated to height, altitude, pressure altitude and FL. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the altimeter setting procedures. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 01 06 03 Calculations

    01 Calculate the different readings on the altimeter when the pilot uses different settings (QNH, 1013,25, QFE). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Illustrate with a numbered example the changes of altimeter setting and the associated changes in reading when the pilot climbs through the transition altitude or descends through the transition level. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the influence of the air temperature on the distance between the ground and the level read on the altimeter and between two FLs. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the influence of pressure areas on the true altitude. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Determine the true altitude/height for a given altitude/height and a given ISA temperature deviation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Calculate the terrain clearance for given atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    Note: The following rules shall be considered for altimetry calculations:a. All calculations are based on rounded pressure values to the nearest lower hPa; b. The value for the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 30 ft (9 m) per 1 hPa c. To determine the true altitude/height, the following rule of thumb, called the "4%-rule", shall be used: the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°C temperature deviation from ISA; d. If no further information is given, the deviation of the outside-air temperature from ISA is considered to be constantly the same given value in the whole layer; e. The elevation of the airport has to be taken into account. The temperature correction has to be considered for the layer between ground and the position of the aircraft.

  • 050 01 06 04 Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

    01 Describe the effect of accelerated airflow due to topography. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 02 00 00 Wind

050 02 01 00 Definition and measurement of wind

  • 050 02 01 01 Definition and measurement

    01 Define ‘wind’ and ‘surface wind’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State the units of wind direction (degrees true in reports; degrees magnetic from tower) and speed (kt, m/s). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

050 02 02 00 Primary cause of wind

  • 050 02 02 01 Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, Coriolis force

    01 Define the term ‘horizontal pressure gradient’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain how the pressure gradient force acts in relation to the pressure gradient. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain how the Coriolis force acts in relation to the wind. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the development of the geostrophic wind. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Indicate how the geostrophic wind flows in relation to the isobars in the northern and in the southern hemisphere. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 02 02 02 Variation of wind in the friction layer

    01 Describe why and how the wind changes direction and speed with height in the friction layer in the northern and in the southern hemisphere (rule of thumb). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Name terrain, wind-speed and stability as the main factors that influence the vertical extent of the friction layer. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the relationship between isobars and wind (direction and speed) in the friction layer over land and over sea. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 02 02 03 Effects of convergence and divergence

    01 Describe atmospheric convergence and divergence. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the relationship between convergence and divergence on the following: pressure systems at the surface and aloft; wind speed; vertical motion and cloud formation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 02 03 00 General global circulation

  • 050 02 03 01 General global circulation

    01 Describe the general global circulation. (Refer to 050 08 01 01) Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 02 04 00 Local winds

  • 050 02 04 01 Anabatic and katabatic winds, mountain and valley winds, Venturi effects, land and sea breezes

    01 Describe and explain anabatic and katabatic winds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe mountain and valley winds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the Venturi effect, convergence in valleys and mountain areas. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe land and sea breezes. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe that local, low-level jet streams can develop in the evening.   Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 02 05 00 Mountain waves (standing waves, lee waves)

  • 050 02 05 01 Origin and characteristics

    01 Explain the origin and formation of mountain waves. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain how mountain waves may be identified by their associated meteorological phenomena. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe that mountain wave effects can exceed the performance or structural capability of aircraft.  Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 02 06 00 Turbulence

  • 050 02 06 01 Description and types of turbulence

    01 Describe turbulence and gustiness. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 List the common types of turbulence (convective, mechanical, orographic, frontal, clear air turbulence). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 02 06 02 Formation and location of turbulence

    01 Explain the formation of convective turbulence, mechanical and orographic turbulence and frontal turbulence. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State where turbulence will normally be found (rough-ground surfaces, relief, inversion layers, cumulonimbus (CB), thunderstorm (TS) zones, unstable layers). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 03 00 00 Thermodynamics

050 03 01 00 Humidity

  • 050 03 01 01 Water vapour in the atmosphere

    01 State that the density of moist air is less than the density of dry air of the same temperature. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the significance for meteorology of water vapour in the atmosphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define ‘saturation of air by water vapour’. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 03 01 03 Temperature/dew point, relative humidity

    01 Define ‘dew point’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define ‘relative humidity’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the diurnal variation of the relative humidity. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe the relationship between temperature and dew point. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 03 02 00 Change of state of aggregation

  • 050 03 02 01 Condensation, evaporation, sublimation, deposition, freezing and melting, latent heat

    01 Define ‘condensation’, ‘evaporation’, ‘sublimation’, ‘deposition’, ‘freezing and melting’ and ‘latent heat’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the condensation process. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the nature of and the need for condensation nuclei. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the effects of condensation on the weather. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Explain the process of freezing and melting. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Explain the nature of and the need for freezing nuclei. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    09 Define ‘supercooled water’. (Refer to 050 09 01 01) Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    11 Explain the deposition and sublimation process. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    14 Illustrate all the changes of state of aggregation with practical examples. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

050 03 03 00 Adiabatic processes

  • 050 03 03 01 Adiabatic processes, stability of the atmosphere

    03 Explain the variation of temperature of a rising/descending unsaturated air particle (lapse rate = 1°C/100 m or 3°C/1000 ft). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the variation of temperature of a saturated air particle with changing altitude (average lapse rate at lower levels = 0.6°C/100 m or 1.8°C/1000 ft). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Define qualitatively and quantitatively the terms ‘stable’, ‘conditionally unstable’, ‘unstable’ and ‘indifferent’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    09 Explain the effect on the stability of the air caused by advection of air (warm or cold). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 04 00 00 Clouds and fog

050 04 01 00 Cloud formation and description

  • 050 04 01 01 Cloud formation

    01 Explain cloud formation by adiabatic cooling, and advection. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the cloud formation based on the following lifting processes: forced lifting at fronts or over mountains; free convection. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 List cloud types typical for stable and unstable air conditions. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of clouds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 01 02 Cloud types and cloud classification

    01 Describe the different cloud types and their classification. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Identify by shape cirriform, cumuliform and stratiform clouds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Identify by shape and typical level the 10 cloud types (general). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe and identify by shape the following species and supplementary features: castellanus, lenticularis, towering cumulus, and cumulonimbus. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Distinguish between low-, medium- and high-level clouds according to the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) ‘cloud étage’ (including heights) for mid-latitudes. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Distinguish between ice clouds, mixed clouds and pure water clouds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 01 03 Influence of inversions on cloud development

    01 Explain the influence of inversions on vertical movements in the atmosphere. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the influence of ground inversion on the formation of fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 04 02 00 Fog, mist, haze

  • 050 04 02 01 General aspects

    01 Define ‘fog’, ‘mist’ and ‘haze’ with reference to WMO standards of visibility range. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain briefly the formation of fog, mist and haze. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Name the factors that generally contribute to the formation of fog and mist. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Name the factors that contribute to the formation of haze. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe freezing fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 02 02 Radiation fog

    01 Explain the formation of radiation fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the significant characteristics of radiation fog, and its vertical extent. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of radiation fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 02 03 Advection fog

    01 Explain the formation of advection fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the different possibilities of advection-fog formation (over land, sea and coastal regions). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the significant characteristics of advection fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of advection fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 02 04 Steam fog/Arctic Seasmoke

    01 Explain the formation of steam fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe significant characteristics of steam fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of steam fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 02 05 Frontal fog

    01 Explain the formation of frontal fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the significant characteristics of frontal fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of frontal fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 04 02 06 Orographic fog (hill fog)

    01 Explain the conditions for the development of orographic fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe significant characteristics of orographic fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Summarise the conditions for the dissipation of orographic fog. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 05 00 00 Precipitation

050 05 01 00 Development of precipitation

  • 050 05 01 01 Process of development of precipitation

    04 Explain the development of snow, rain, drizzle and hail. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 05 02 00 Types of precipitation

  • 050 05 02 01 Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types

    01 List and describe the types of precipitation given in the (TAF) and METAR codes (drizzle, rain, snow, snow grains, ice pellets, hail, small hail, snow pellets, freezing drizzle, freezing rain). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that, because of their size, hail stones can cause significant damage to aircraft.  Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the mechanism for the formation of freezing precipitation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe the weather conditions that give rise to freezing precipitation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Distinguish between the types of precipitation generated in convective and stratiform clouds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 06 00 00 Air masses and fronts

050 06 01 00 Air masses

  • 050 06 01 01 Description, classification and source regions of air masses

    01 Define the term ‘air mass’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the properties of the source regions. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Summarise the classification of air masses by source regions. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State the classifications of air masses by temperature and humidity at source. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 State the characteristic weather in each of the air masses. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Name the three main air masses that affect Europe. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Classify air masses on a surface weather chart. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    Note: Names and abbreviations of air masses used in examinations: humidity; continental (c), maritime (m), type of air mass; Arctic (A), Polar (P), Tropical (T), Equatorial (E)

  • 050 06 01 02 Modifications of air masses

    02 Explain how maritime and continental tracks modify air masses. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the effect of passage over cold or warm surfaces. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Assess the tendencies of the stability of an air mass and describe the typical resulting air-mass weather including the hazards for aviation. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

050 06 02 00 Fronts

  • 050 06 02 01 General aspects

    01 Describe the boundaries between air masses (fronts). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define ‘front’ and ‘frontal zone’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Name the global frontal systems (polar front, arctic front). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 02 Warm front, associated clouds and weather

    01 Define a ‘warm front’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards at a warm front depending on the stability of the warm air. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the structure, slope and dimensions of a warm front. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Sketch a cross-section of a warm front showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 03 Cold front, associated clouds and weather

    01 Define a ‘cold front’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards at a cold front depending on the stability of the warm air. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the structure, slope and dimensions of a cold front. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Sketch a cross section of a cold front showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 04 Warm sector, associated clouds and weather

    01 Describe fronts and air masses associated with the warm sector. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards in a warm sector. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Sketch a cross-section of a warm sector showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 State the seasonal differences in the weather in the warm sector. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 05 Weather behind the cold front

    01 Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards behind the cold front. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 06 Occlusions, associated clouds and weather

    01 Define the term ‘occlusion’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define a cold occlusion. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Define a warm occlusion. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Sketch a cross section of occlusions, showing weather, cloud and aviation hazards. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 07 Stationary front, associated clouds and weather

    01 Define a ‘stationary front’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the cloud, weather, ground visibility and aviation hazards in a stationary front. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 08 Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle

    01 Describe the movements of fronts and pressure systems. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State the difference in the speed of movement of cold and warm fronts. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 06 02 09 Changes of meteorological elements at a frontal wave

    01 Sketch a plan and a cross-section of a frontal wavesystem (warm front, warm sector, and cold front) and illustrate the changes of pressure, temperature, surface wind. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 07 00 00 Pressure systems

050 07 01 00 The principal pressure areas

  • 050 07 01 01 Location of the principal pressure areas

    01 Identify or indicate on a map the principal global high-pressure and low-pressure areas in January and July. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain how these pressure areas are formed. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain how the pressure areas move with the seasons. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 07 02 00 Anticyclone

  • 050 07 02 01 Anticyclones, types, general properties, ridges and subsidence

    02 Describe the effect of high- level convergence in producing areas of high pressure at ground level. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe air-mass subsidence, its effect on the environmental lapse rate, and the associated weather. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe the formation of ridges. (Refer to 050 08 03 02) Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe the properties of and the weather associated with ridges. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 07 03 00 Non frontal depressions

  • 050 07 03 01 Thermal, orographic, polar and secondary depressions; troughs

    01 Describe the effect of high-level divergence in producing areas of low pressure at ground level. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the formation and properties of thermal, orographic (lee lows), and polar depressions. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the formation, the properties and the associated weather at troughs. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 Define a cold pool/cold-air drop(NL: koude put) and describe its properties with regard to dimension, duration of life, geographical position, seasons, and weather activity. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 08 00 00 Climatology

050 08 03 00 Typical weather situations in the mid-latitudes

  • 050 08 03 01 Westerly situation (westerlies)

    01 Identify on a weather chart the typical westerly situation with travelling polar front waves. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 08 03 02 High pressure area

    01 Describe the high pressure zones with the associated weather. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Identify on a weather chart high-pressure regions. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

050 08 04 00 Local winds and associated weather

  • 050 08 04 01 Foehn, Mistral, Scirocco and Bora

    01 Describe the classical mechanism for the development of Foehn winds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the weather associated with Foehn winds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the formation of, the characteristics of, and the weather associated with the Mistral, Scirocco and Bora. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 09 00 00 Flight hazards

050 09 01 00 Icing

  • 050 09 01 01 Conditions for ice accretion

    01 Summarise the general conditions under which ice accretion occurs on aircraft (temperatures of outside air; temperature of the airframe; presence of supercooled water in clouds, fog, rain and drizzle). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the general weather conditions under which ice accretion occurs in a Venturi carburettor. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the formation of supercooled water in clouds, rain and drizzle (Refer to Subject 050 03 02 01). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Indicate in which circumstances ice can form on an aircraft on the ground: air temperature, humidity, precipitation. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Explain in which circumstances ice can form on an aircraft in flight: inside clouds, in precipitation, outside clouds and precipitation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 01 02 Types of ice accretion

    01 Define ‘clear ice’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the conditions for the formation of clear ice. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Define ‘rime ice’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the conditions for the formation of rime ice. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    12 Define ‘hoar frost’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    13 Describe the conditions for the formation of hoar frost. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 01 03 Hazards of ice accretion

    02 Describe, in general, the hazards of icing. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the position of the dangerous zones of icing in fronts and in the different precipitation types. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Indicate the possibilities of avoidance in the flight planning; weather briefing, choice of track; and during flight; recognition of the dangerous zones, choice of appropriate track. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

050 09 02 00 Turbulence

  • 050 09 02 01 Effects on flight, avoidance

    01 State the ICAO qualifying terms for the intensity of turbulence (See ICAO ATM Doc 4444). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the effects of turbulence on an aircraft in flight. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Indicate the possibilities of avoidance in the flight planning; weather briefing, choice of track and altitude; and during flight; choice of appropriate track and altitude. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

050 09 03 00 Wind shear

  • 050 09 03 01 Definition of wind shear

    01 Define: vertical wind shear; horizontal wind shear; shear of the vertical wind (updraft or downdraft wind shear). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define ‘low level wind shear’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 03 02 Weather conditions for wind shear

    01 Describe the conditions, where and how wind shear can form (e.g. thunderstorms, squall lines, fronts, inversions, land and sea breeze, friction layer, relief) and the possibilities of avoidance. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 03 03 Effects on flight, avoidance

    01 Describe the effects of wind shear on flight. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Indicate the possibilities of avoiding wind shear in flight: in the flight planning; during flight Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 09 04 00 Thunderstorms

  • 050 09 04 01 Conditions for and process of development, forecast, location, type specification

    01 Name the cloud types which indicate the development of thunderstorms. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the different types of thunderstorms, their location, the conditions for and the process of development, and list their properties (air mass thunderstorms, frontal thunderstorms, squall lines, supercell storms, orographic thunderstorms). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 04 02 Structure of thunderstorms, life history

    01 Assess the average duration of single-cell thunderstorms. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Summarise the flight hazards associated with of a fully developed thunderstorm. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Indicate on a sketch the most dangerous zones in and around a single-cell thunderstorm. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 04 03 Electrical discharges

    05 Describe the effect of lightning strike on aircraft and flight execution. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 04 04 Development and effects of downbursts

    01 Define the term ‘downburst’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Distinguish between macroburst and microburst. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Give the typical duration of a downburst. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the effects of downbursts. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 04 05 Thunderstorm avoidance

    01 Explain how the pilot can anticipate each type of thunderstorms: through pre-flight weather briefing, observation in flight, use of specific meteorological information, use of information given by ground weather radar. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe practical examples of flight techniques used to avoid the hazards of thunderstorms. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 09 08 00 Hazards in mountainous areas

  • 050 09 08 01 Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal passage

    01 Describe the influence of a mountainous terrain on cloud and precipitation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 08 02 Vertical movements, mountain waves, wind shear, turbulence, ice accretion

    01 Describe the vertical movements, wind shear and turbulence that are typical of mountain areas. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Indicate on a sketch of a chain of mountains the turbulent zones (mountain waves, rotors). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 08 03 Development and effect of valley inversions

    03 Describe the effects of a valley inversion for an aircraft in flight. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 09 09 00 Visibility-reducing phenomena

  • 050 09 09 01 Reduction of visibility caused by precipitation and obscurations

    01 Describe the reduction of visibility caused by precipitation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the reduction of visibility caused by obscurations: fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the differences between the ground and flight visibility, slant and vertical visibility when an aircraft is above or within a layer of haze or mist Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 09 09 02 Reduction of visibility caused by other phenomena

    01 Describe the reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe the reduction of visibility caused by the position of the sun relative to the visual direction. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the reduction of visibility caused by the reflection of the sun’s rays from the top of layers of haze, fog and clouds. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 050 10 00 00 Meteorological information

050 10 01 00 Observation

  • 050 10 01 01 Surface observations

    01 Define ‘gusts’, as given in the METARs and TAFs. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Distinquishe ‘wind’ given in METAR and wind given by the control tower for take-off and landing and wind given in ATIS. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Define ‘visibility’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Define ‘prevailing visibility’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Define ‘ground visibility’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 List the units used for visibility (m, km, statute mile). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Define ‘runway visual range’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    16 State the clouds which are indicated in METAR and TAF (CB, TCU). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    17 Define ‘oktas’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    18 Define ‘cloud base’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    19 Define ‘ceiling’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    20 Name the unit and the reference level used for information about cloud base (ft). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    21 Define ‘vertical visibility’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    22 Explain briefly how and when the vertical visibility is measured. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    23 Name the units used for vertical visibility (ft). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    25 Name the units of relative humidity (%) and dew-point temperature (°C, °F). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 01 02 Radiosonde observations

    01 Describe the principle of radiosondes. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 01 03 Satellite observations

    02 Name the main uses of satellite pictures in aviation meteorology. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the different types of satellite imagery and the difference between IR and VIS imagery. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures in order to get useful information for the flights: location of clouds (distinguish between stratiform and cumuliform clouds). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures in order to get useful information for the flights: location of fronts. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 01 04 Weather radar observations (Refer to 050 09 04 05)

    01 Describe the basic principle and the type of information given by a ground weather radar. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Interpret ground weather radar images. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 01 05 Aircraft observations and reporting (Refer to 050 09 04 05)

    01 Describe routine air-report and special air-report (ARS). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State the obligation of a pilot to prepare air-reports. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

050 10 02 00 Weather charts

  • 050 10 02 01 Significant weather charts

    01 Decode and interpret significant weather charts (for low level flights only). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 02 02 Surface charts

    01 Recognise the following weather systems on a surface weather chart (analysed and forecast): ridges, troughs; fronts; warm sector high- and low pressure areas. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Determine from surface weather charts the wind direction and speed. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

050 10 03 00 Information for flight planning

  • 050 10 03 01 Aviation weather messages

    01 Describe, decode and interpret the following aviation weather messages: METAR, SPECI, TREND, TAF, SIGMET, AIRMET, Graphic Low Level Forecast (GLLFC), special air-report. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the general meaning of MET REPORT and SPECIAL REPORT. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 List, in general, the cases when a SIGMET and an AIRMET are issued. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe, decode (by using a code table) and interpret the following messages: runway state message (as written in a METAR), GAFOR. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 03 02 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation

    01 Describe the meteorological content of broadcasts for aviation: meteorological information for aircraft in flight VOLMET and automatic terminal information service ATIS. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 03 03 Use of meteorological documents

    02 List the information that a flight crew can receive from meteorological services for pre-flight planning and apply the content of these information on a designated flight route. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 List the meteorological information that a flight crew can receive from services during flight and apply the content of these information for the continuation of the flight. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

  • 050 10 03 04 Meteorological warnings

    01 Describe the meteorological content of broadcasts for aviation: meteorological information for aircraft in flight VOLMET and automatic terminal information service ATIS. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

050 10 04 00 Meteorological services

  • 050 10 04 01 World area forecast system and meteorological offices

    03 Name the meteorological watch offices (MWOs) as the provider for SIGMET and AIRMET information. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Name the aeronautical meteorological stations as the provider for METAR and MET reports. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 071 02 00 00 Special operational procedures and hazards (general aspects)

071 02 07 00 Wind shear and microburst

  • 071 02 07 01 Effects and recognition during departure and approach

    01 Explain how to identify low-level wind shear. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

  • 071 02 07 02 Actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter

    01 Describe the effects of and actions required when encountering windshear, at take-off and approach. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the precautions to be taken when windshear is suspected, at take-off and approach. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the effects of and actions required following entry into a strong downdraft windshear. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Wijzigingen

  • Wijzigingen leerdoelen versie 01-07-2023 (t.o.v. versie 26-02-2019)

    050 01 01 01 02 Verwijderd Lowest Part Only
    050 01 01 02 03 Verwijderd Describe the proportions of the most important gases in the air in the troposphere.
    050 01 03 02 02 Vervangen Describe quantitatively the variation of the barometric lapse rate. Note: An approximation of the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 27 ft (8 m) per 1 hPa. Door: Describe quantitatively the variation of the barometric lapse rate. Note: An approximation of the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 30 ft (9 m) per 1 hPa.
    050 01 04 01 02 Vervangen Atmosphere door troposphere
    050 01 06 03 note b Vervangen b.The value for the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 27 ft (8 m) per 1 hPa. door: b. The value for the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 30 ft (9 m) per 1 hPa
    050 01 06 04 Toegevoegd Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography
    050 01 06 04 01 Toegevoegd Describe the effect of accelerated airflow due to topography.
    050 03 02 01 07 Toegevoegd and melting
    050 03 02 01 11 Toegevoegd sublimation
    050 04 02 04 Toegevoegd /Arctic Seasmoke
    050 06 01 01 07 note Verwijderd first letter; second letter
    050 07 01 00 Toegevoegd The principal pressure areas
    050 07 01 01 Toegevoegd Location of the principal pressure areas
    050 07 01 01 01 Toegevoegd Identify or indicate on a map the principal global high-pressure and low-pressure areas in January and July.
    050 07 01 01 02 Toegevoegd Explain how these pressure areas are formed.
    050 07 01 01 03 Toegevoegd Explain how the pressure areas move with the seasons.
    050 07 03 01 p01 Vervangen Define a cold pool (NL: koude put) and describe its properties with regard to dimension, duration of life, geographical position, seasons, and weather activity. Door: Define a cold pool/cold-air drop(NL: koude put) and describe its properties with regard to dimension, duration of life, geographical position, seasons, and weather activity.
    050 08 04 01 Toegevoegd and Bora
    050 08 04 01 03 Toegevoegd and Bora
    050 09 03 03 Toegevoegd Effects on flight, avoidance
    050 09 03 03 01 Toegevoegd Describe the effects of wind shear on flight.
    050 09 03 03 02 Toegevoegd Indicate the possibilities of avoiding wind shear in flight: in the flight planning; during flight
    050 09 05 00 Verwijderd Whirlwind, waterspout and dust devils
    050 09 05 01 Verwijderd Properties and occurrence
    050 09 05 01 p01 Verwijderd Define whirlwind or waterspout, and dust devil.
    050 09 05 01 05 Verwijderd State the dimensions of waterspouts and dust devils.
    050 10 01 01 02 Toegevoegd Distinquishe ‘wind’ given in METAR and wind given by the control tower for take-off and landing and wind given in ATIS.
    050 10 01 03 03 Toegevoegd …and the difference between IR and VIS imagery.
    050 10 02 03 Verwijderd Upper-air charts
    050 10 02 03 05 Verwijderd Describe forecast upper-wind and temperature charts.

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