Service

Exameneisen PPL Aircraft general knowledge + Operational procedures

Algemene informatie

Opgesteld door: CBR divisie CCV

Categoriecode en exameninformatie:

  • LVPAAGK (PPLA, LAPLA), digitaal, 16 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (12 van de 16 vragen goed)
  • LVPHAGK (PPLH, LAPLH), digitaal, 16 meerkeuzevragen, cesuur 75% (12 van de 16 vragen goed)

Bijzonderheden: geen

Vastgesteld door:

Technische Commissie Communications

Beoordeeld door:

  • Logistiek, Transport en Personenvervoer raad; kamer 3: Luchtvaart op 6 maart 2023

Goedgekeurd door:

  • Divisiemanager CCV op 8 maart 2023

Ingangsdatum:

1 juli 2023

Datum laatste aanpassing:

8 maart 2023

Toelichting gebruik toetstermen:

  • Eindtermen: Dit zijn de hoofdonderwerpen die in het examen voorkomen. Hierin staat 'ruim' omschreven wat er in het examen terug kan komen.
  • Toetstermen: Dit zijn onderdelen van een eindterm. Hierin staat meer uitgebreid omschreven wat er in het examen terug kan komen.
  • Tax: Dit is de taxonomiecode van Romiszowski. Deze code geeft aan op welk niveau de vragen over een toetsterm gesteld worden.

Toelichting taxonomiecode:

  • F = Feitelijke kennis. De kandidaat kan feiten reproduceren (herkennen of herinneren).
  • B = Begripsmatige kennis. De kandidaat kan begrippen of principes omschrijven.
  • R = Reproductieve vaardigheden. De kandidaat kan acties uitvoeren die volgens een vastgelegde procedure verlopen.
  • P = Productieve vaardigheden. De kandidaat kan acties uitvoeren waarbij hij zijn eigen creativiteit en inzicht nodig heeft.

Eindterm 021 01 00 00 System design, loads, stresses, maintenance

021 01 02 00 Loads and stresses

  • 02 Describe the following types of loads that an aircraft may be subject to, and when they occur: static loads; dynamic loads. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Describe the following types of loads that an aircraft may be subjected to, when they occur, and how a pilot may affect their magnitude: static loads; dynamic loads; cyclic loads. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Describe the areas typically prone to stress that should be given particular attention during a pre-flight inspection, and highlight the limited visual cues of any deformation that may be evident. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 01 03 00 Fatigue and corrosion

  • 04 Explain fatigue, how it affects the useful life of an aircraft, and the effect of the following factors on the development of fatigue: corrosion; number of cycles; type of flight manoeuvres; stress level; level and quality of maintenance. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 021 02 00 00 Airframe

021 02 03 00 Aeroplane: wings, tail surfaces and control surfaces

  • 01 Describe the following types of design and explain their properties.high-mounted wing; low-mounted wing; low- or mid-set tailplane; T-tail. Tax: B, PPLA
  • 01 Describe the function of the following structural components: spar and its components (web and girder or cap); rib. Tax: B, PPLA
  • 01 Describe the vertical and horizontal loads on the ground. Tax: B, PPLA
    03 Explain the principle of flutter for the wing and the control surfaces. Tax: B, PPLA

021 02 04 00 Fuselage, landing gear, doors, floor, windscreen and windows

  • 01 Describe the following types of fuselage construction: monocoque,semi-monocoque, truss construction. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the following loads on a main landing gear: touch-down loads (vertical and horizontal) Tax: B, PPLA
    06 Describe the structural danger of a tail strike with respect to the fuselage. Tax: B, PPLA

021 02 05 00 Helicopter: Structural aspects of flight controls

  • 01 List the functions of flight controls. Tax: F, PPLH
    02 Explain why vertical and horizontal stabilisers may have different shapes and alignments. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 List the functions of flight controls. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Describe the early indications and vibrations which are likely to be experienced when the main-rotor blades and tail rotor are out of balance or tracking, including the possible early indications due to possible fatigue and overload. Tax: B, PPLH

021 02 06 00 Structural limitations

  • 01 Define and explain the following maximum structural masses: Maximum ramp mass; Maximum take-off mass; Maximum zero fuel mass; Maximum landing mass. Remark: These limitations may also be found in the relevant part of subjects 031, 032 and 034. Tax: F, PPLA
    03 Explain the maximum structural masses: maximum take-off mass. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Explain that airframe life is limited by fatigue, created by load cycles. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 021 03 00 00 Hydraulics

021 03 01 00 Hydromechanics: basic principles

  • 01 Explain the concept and basic principles of hydromechanics including: hydrostatic pressure; Pascal’s law; the relationship between pressure, force and area; transmission of power: multiplication of force, decrease of displacement. Tax: B, PPLH

021 03 02 00 Hydraulic systems

  • 01 List and explain the desirable properties of a hydraulic fluid with regard to: thermal stability; corrosiveness; viscosity. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that hydraulic fluids are irritating for skin and eyes. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State that different types of hydraulic fluids cannot be mixed. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 State that at the pressures being considered, hydraulic fluid is considered incompressible. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the working principle of a hydraulic system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 List the main uses of hydraulic systems. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    13 Describe the working principle and functions of hydraulic system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    19 State the indications and explain the implications of the following malfunctions: system leak or low level; low pressure. Tax: F, PPLA
    19 State the indications and explain the implications of the following malfunctions: system leak or low level; low pressure; high temperature. Tax: F, PPLH

Eindterm 021 04 00 00 Landing gear, wheels, tyres, brakes

021 04 01 00 Landing gear

  • 01 Name, for an aeroplane, the following different landing gear configurations: nose-wheel; tail-wheel Tax: F, PPLA
    02 Name, for a helicopter, the following different landing-gear configurations: nose wheel; tail wheel; skids. Tax: F, PPLH
  • 02 Explain the function of the following components of a landing gear:oleo leg/shock strut; axles; drag struts; side stays/struts; torsion links; locks (over centre); gear doors. Tax: B, PPLH

021 04 02 00 Nose wheel steering

  • 01 Explain the operating principle of nosewheel steering. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Explain the function of the following components of a landing gear: oleo leg/shock strut; torsion links. Tax: B, PPLA
    03 Describe, for an aeroplane, the functioning of the following systems:differential braking with free-castoring nose wheel; rudder pedal nose-wheel steering. Tax: B, PPLA
    05 Define the term ‘shimmy’ and the possible consequences for the nose wheel system and explain the purpose of a shimmy damper to reduce the severity of shimmy. Tax: B, PPLA

021 04 03 00 Brakes

  • 01 Describe the basic operating principle of a disc brake. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 State the different materials used in a disc brake. Tax: F, PPLA
  • 02 Explain how brakes are actuated. Tax: B, PPLA

021 04 04 00 Wheels, rims and tyres

  • 01 Describe the different types of tyres: tubeless and tube-typeand list their limitations and advantages/disadvantages. Tax: B, PPLA

021 04 05 00 Helicopter equipment

  • 01 Explain flotation devices, how they are operated, and their limitations. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Explain why indicated airspeed (IAS) limitations before, during and after flotation-device deployment must be observed. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 021 05 00 00 Flight controls

021 05 01 00 Aeroplane: Primary Flight Controls

  • 02 List the following primary flight control surfaces: elevator; aileron; rudder. Tax: F, PPLA
  • 01 Explain the basic principle of a fully manual control system. Tax: B, PPLA
  • 04 Explain the methods of locking the controls on the ground and describe “gust or control lock“ warnings. Tax: B, PPLA

021 05 02 00 Aeroplane: Secondary Flight Controls

  • 02 List the following secondary flight control surfaces: lift augmentation devices (flaps and slats); trimming devices such as trim tabs, trimmable horizontal stabiliser. Tax: F, PPLA
    03 Describe secondary flight control actuation methods. Tax: B, PPLA
    05 Describe the requirement for limiting speeds for the various secondary flight control surfaces. Tax: B, PPLA

021 05 03 00 Helicopter: flight controls

  • 01 Explain the methods of locking the controls on the ground. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Describe main rotor droop stops and how rotor flapping is restricted. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Explain the principle of phase lag and advance angle. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Describe the following four axis of control operation, their operating principle and their associated cockpit controls: collective control; cyclic fore and aft (pitch axis);cyclic lateral (roll axis); yaw. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Describe the swashplate or azimuth star control system including the following: swashplate inputs; the function of the non-rotating; swashplate; the function of the rotating swashplate; how swashplate tilt is achieved; swashplate pitch axis; swashplate roll axis; balancing of pitch/roll/collective inputs to the swashplate to equalise torsional loads on the blades. Tax: B, PPLH
    07 State the need for artificial feel in a hydraulically actuated flight control system. Tax: F, PPLH
    08 Describe and explain the purpose of a trim system using the following terms: force-trim switch; force gradient. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 021 07 00 00 Anti-icing systems

021 07 01 00 Types, operation, indications

  • 01 Explain the concepts of anti-icing. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State the different types of anti-icing systems and describe their operating principle: electrical; fluid. Tax: F, PPLA
    04 State the different types of anti-icing systems and describe their operating principle: hot air; electrical; fluid. Tax: F, PPLH

Eindterm 021 08 00 00 Fuel system

021 08 01 00 Piston engine

  • 01 State the types of fuel used by a piston engine and their associated limitations: diesel; JET-A1 (for high-compression engines); AVGAS; MOGAS. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State the main characteristics of these fuels. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State the tasks of the fuel system. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Name the following main components of a fuel system, state their location and state their function. lines; boost pump; filter, strainer; tanks (wing, tip, fuselage); vent system; drain; fuel quantity sensor (LOW LEVEL WARNING) Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe a gravity fuel feed system and a pressure feed fuel system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the need for a separate engine driven fuel pump. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the function of cross-feed. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Define the term ‘unusable fuel’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 List the following parameters that are monitored for the fuel system: fuel quantity (low-level warning); fuel temperature. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

021 08 02 00 Turbine engine

  • 02 Name the main components of the fuel system and state their location and their function: trim fuel tanks; bafflers; refuelling/defueling system; fuel dump/jettison system.Remark: For completion of list, please see 021 08 01 02 (02). Tax: F, PPLH

Eindterm 021 09 00 00 Electrics

021 09 01 00 General, definitions, basic applications: circuit-breakers

  • 01 Explain static electricity and describe the flying conditions where aircraft are most susceptible to build-up of static electricity. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe a static discharger and explain its purpose and typical locations. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    p01 Protection against interference Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    p02 Lightning effects Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the term ‘direct current’ (DC) and state that current can only flow in a closed circuit. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define voltage and current and state their unit of measurement. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the term ‘alternating current’ (AC), and compare its use to DC with regard to complexity. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define frequency and state the unit of measurement. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State that an electrical current produces a magnetic field. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the purpose and the working principle of a relay. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the working principle of a fuse and a circuit breaker. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain how a fuse is rated. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the reason for electrical bonding. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 09 02 00 Batteries

  • 01 State the function of an aircraft battery. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Name the types of rechargeable batteries used in aircraft: lead-acid; nickel-cadmium. Tax: F, PPLA
    02 Name the types of rechargeable batteries used in aircraft: lead-acid; nickel-cadmium; lithium-ion; lithium-polymer Tax: F, PPLH
    03 Compare the different battery types with respect to: load behaviour; charging characteristics; risk of thermal runaway. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Explain the difference between battery voltage and charging voltage. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Define the term ”capacity of batteries” and state the unit of measurement used. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    07 State the effect of temperature on battery capacity and performance. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    08 State that in the case of loss of all generated power (Battery power only) the remaining electrical power is time limited. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

021 09 03 00 Generation

  • Remark: For standardisation purposes, the following standard expressions are used: DC generator: produces DC output; DC alternator: produces AC, rectified by integrated rectifying unit, the output is DC; DC alternator: producing a DC output by using a rectifier; AC generator: produces AC output; starter generator: integrated combination of a generator and a starter motor; permanent magnet alternator/ generator: self-exciting AC generator.
  • 01 Describe the basic working principle of a simple DC generator or DC alternator Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the principle of voltage control and why it is required. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the basic operating principle of a starter generator and state its purpose. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 09 04 00 Distribution

  • 01 Explain the function of a busbar. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the function of the following buses: main bus; emergency bus; battery bus. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State that the aircraft structure can be used as a part of the electrical circuit (common earth) and explain the implications for electrical bonding. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the function of external power. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Describe a simple DC electrical system of a single engine aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Give examples of DC consumers. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 021 10 00 00 Piston engines

  • Remark: This topic includes diesel engines and petrol engines.

021 10 01 00 General

  • 01 Define the following terms and expressions: rpm; manifold absolute pressure (MAP); power output. Tax: F, PPLA
    01 Define the following terms and expressions: rpm; torque; manifold absolute pressure (MAP); power output; Tax: F, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the following main engine components and state their function. crankshaft; piston; piston rings; cylinder; cylinder head; valves; camshaft; bearings. Tax: B, PPLA
    01 Describe the basic operating principle of a piston engine: crankcase; crankshaft; connecting rod; piston; piston pin; piston rings; cylinder; cylinder head; valves; valve springs; push rod; camshaft; rocker arm; camshaft gear; bearings. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Name and identify the various types of engine design with regard to cylinder arrangement and their advantages/disadvantages: horizontally opposed; in line; and working cycle (four stroke: petrol and diesel). Tax: F, PPLA
    02 Name and identify the various types of engine design with regard to cylinder arrangement and their advantages/disadvantages: horizontally opposed; in line; radial; and working cycle (four stroke: petrol and diesel). Tax: F, PPLH
    03 Describe the differences between petrol engines and diesel engines with respect to: means of ignition; regulating air or mixture supply to the cylinder. Tax: B, PPLA
    03 Describe the differences between petrol and diesel engines with respect to: means of ignition; maximum compression ratio; regulating air or mixture supply to the cylinder; pollution from the exhaust. Tax: B, PPLH

021 10 02 00 Fuel

  • 01 Name the type of fuel used for petrol engines including its colour (AVGAS/MOGAS). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Name the type of fuel normally used for aviation diesel engines (Jet A1). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Define the term 'octane rating'. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Define the term “detonation“ and describe the causes and effects of detonation for both petrol and diesel engines. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Define the term “pre-ignition” and describe the causes and effects of pre-ignition for both petrol and diesel engines. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Identify the conditions and power settings that promote detonation for petrol engines. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe how detonation in petrol engines is recognised. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Describe the method and occasions for checking the fuel for water content. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    09 State the typical value of fuel density for aviation gasoline and diesel fuel. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    10 Explain volatility, and vapour locking for petrol and diesel fuels. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 10 04 00 Carburettor/injection system

  • 01 State the purpose of a carburettor. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the operating principle of the simple float chamber carburettor. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the methods of obtaining mixture control over the whole operating altitude range. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the purpose and the operating principle of an accelerator pump. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the purpose of power enrichment Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe the function of the carburettor heat system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Explain the effect of carburettor heat on mixture ratio and power output. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    09 Explain the purpose and the operating principle of a primer pump. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    11 Explain the danger of carburettor fire, including corrective measures. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the advantages and difference in operation of an injection system compared with a carburettor system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the causes and effects of carburettor icing and the action to be taken if carburettor icing is suspected. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Name the meteorological conditions within which carburettor icing may occur. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the indications of the presence of carburettor icing for both a fixed pitch and a constant speed propeller. Tax: B, PPLA
    04 Describe the indications of the presence of carburettor icing for a helicopter. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Describe the indications that will occur upon selection of carburettor heat depending on whether ice is present or not. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Explain the reason for the use of alternate air on fuel injection systems and describe its operating principle. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 State the meteorological conditions under which induction system icing may occur. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

021 10 05 00 Air cooling systems

  • 01 Specify the reasons for cooling a piston engine. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the design features to enhance cylinder air cooling for aeroplanes. Tax: B, PPLA
    03 Describe the design features to enhance cylinder air cooling for helicopters (e.g. engine driven impeller and scroll assembly, baffles). Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Compare the differences between liquid- and air-cooling systems. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Identify the cylinder head temperature indication to monitor engine cooling. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the function and the operation of cowl flaps. Tax: B, PPLA

021 10 06 00 Lubrication systems

  • 01 Describe the term ‘viscosity’ including the effect of temperature. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the viscosity grade numbering system used in aviation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State the functions of a piston-engine lubrication system. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe the working principle of a dry sump lubrication system and describe the functions of the following components: oil tank (reservoir); check valve (non-return valve); pressure pump and pressure relief valve; scavenge pump; filters (suction, pressure and scavenge); oil cooler; oil cooler by-pass valve; pressure and temperature sensors; lines. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe a wet sump lubrication system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State the differences between a wet- and a dry-sump lubrication system and their advantages and disadvantages. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 List the following factors that influence oil consumption: oil grade; cylinder and piston wear; condition of piston rings. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the interaction between oil pressure, oil temperature and oil quantity. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 10 07 00 Ignition circuits

  • 01 Describe the working principle of a magneto ignition system and the functions of the following components: magneto; coils or windings;ignition switches; spark plug. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State why piston engines are equipped with two electrically independent ignition systems. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State the function and operating principle of the following methods of spark augmentation: starter vibrator (booster coil); impulse start coupling. Tax: F, PPLA
    04 State the function and operating principle of the following methods of spark augmentation: starter vibrator (booster coil); both magnetos live. Tax: F, PPLH
    05 Explain the function of the magneto check. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Explain how combustion is initiated in diesel engines. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 10 08 00 Mixture

  • 01 Define the following terms: mixture; chemically correct ratio (stoichiometric); best power ratio; lean (weak) mixture (lean or rich side of the EGT top); rich mixture. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State the typical fuel to air ratio values of a stoichiometric mixture. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of weak and rich mixtures. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the use of the exhaust gas temperature as an aid to mixture-setting. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the relation between mixture ratio, cylinder head temperature, detonation and pre-ignition. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Explain the absence of mixture control in diesel engines. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

021 10 09 00 Aeroplane: Propellers

  • Remark: Definitions and aerodynamic concepts are detailed in subject 081, topic 07 (Propellers) but need to be appreciated for this subject also.
  • 01 Describe the operating principle of a constant speed propeller system under normal flight operations. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Explain the need for a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) indicator to control the power setting with a constant speed propeller. Tax: B, PPLA
    04 State the purpose and describe the operation of a low pitch stop (centrifugal latch). Tax: F, PPLA
    05 Describe the operating principle of a single acting and a double acting variable pitch propeller for single engine aeroplanes. Tax: B, PPLA
  • 01 Describe the checks to be carried out on a constant speed propeller system after engine start. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Describe the operation of a constant speed propeller system during flight at different true air speeds and RPM including an overspeeding propeller. Tax: B, PPLA
    05 Describe the operation of the propeller levers during different phases of flight. Tax: B, PPLA

021 10 10 00 Performance and engine handling

  • 01 Describe the effect on power output of a petrol and diesel engine taking into consideration the following parameters: ambient pressure, exhaust back pressure; temperature; humidity. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the term ‘normally aspirated engine’. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Power-augmentation devices: explain the requirement for power augmentation (turbocharging) of a piston engine. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the function and the principle of operation of the following main components of a turbocharger: turbine; compressor; waste gate. Tax: B, PPLA
    04 Describe the function and the principle of operation of the following main components of a turbocharger: turbine; compressor; waste gate; waste-gate actuator. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Explain the difference between an altitude-boosted turbocharger and a ground-boosted turbocharger. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Explain turbo lag. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Define the term 'critical altitude'. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Explain the function of an intercooler. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    09 Define the terms 'full throttle height' and 'rated altitude'. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 State the correct procedures for setting the engine controls when increasing or decreasing power. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define the following terms: take-off power; maximum continuous power. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 021 11 00 00 Turbine engines

021 11 01 00 Basic principles

  • 01 List the main components of a basic gas turbine engine: inlet; compressor; combustion chamber; turbine; outlet. Tax: F, PPLH
    02 Describe the variation of static pressure, temperature and axial velocity in a gas turbine engine under normal operating conditions and with the aid of a working cycle diagram. Tax: B, PPLH
    08 Describe the term ‘equivalent horsepower’ (= thrust horsepower + shaft horsepower). Tax: B, PPLH
    09 Explain the principle of a free turbine or free-power turbine. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the design methods to keep engine size small for installation in helicopters. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 List the main components of a free turbine engine. Tax: F, PPLH
    03 Describe how the power is developed by a turboshaft/free turbine engine. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Explain how the exhaust gas temperature is used to monitor turbine stress. Tax: B, PPLH

021 11 02 00 Main engine components

  • 01 State the purpose of the compressor Tax: F, PPLH
    02 Describe the working principle of a centrifugal and an axial flow compressor. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Name the following main components of a single stage and describe their function for a centrifugal compressor: impeller; diffuser. Tax: F, PPLH
    04 Name the following main components of a single stage and describe their function for an axial compressor: rotor vanes; stator vanes Tax: F, PPLH
    16 Explain the following terms: compressor stall; engine surge. Tax: B, PPLH
    17 State the conditions that are possible causes of stall and surge. Tax: F, PPLH
    18 Describe the indications of stall and surge. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Define the purpose of the combustion chamber. Tax: F, PPLH
    02 List the requirements for combustion. Tax: F, PPLH
    03 Describe the working principle of a combustion chamber. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 04 Describe the working principle of a turbine. Tax: B, PPLH
    08 Explain why the available engine thrust is limited by the turbine inlet temperature. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Name and explain the main task of the engine air intake. Tax: F, PPLH
    05 Describe and explain the principles of air intake filter systems that can be fitted to some helicopters for operations in icing and sand conditions. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the working principle of the exhaust unit. Tax: B, PPLH

021 11 03 00 Additional components and systems

  • 01 Name the main components of the engine fuel system and state their function: filters; low-pressure (LP) pump; high-pressure (HP) pump; fuel manifold; fuel nozzles. Tax: F, PPLH
  • 07 Explain and describe the ignition circuit for engine start and engine relight facility when the selection is set for both automatic and manual functions. Tax: B, PPLH

021 11 05 00 Performance aspects

  • 01 Describe engine rating torque limits for take-off, transient and maximum continuous. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Describe turbine outlet temperature (TOT) limits for take-off. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Explain why TOT is a limiting factor for helicopter performance. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Describe and explain the relationship between maximum torque available and density altitude, which leads to decreasing torque available with the increase of density altitude. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Explain that hovering downwind on some helicopters will noticeably increase the engine TOT. Tax: B, PPLH
    06 Explain the reason why the engine performance is less when aircraft accessories (i.e. anti-ice, heating, hoist, filters) are switched on. Tax: B, PPLH
    07 Describe the effects of use of bleed air on engine parameters. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 021 15 00 00 Helicopter: rotor heads

021 15 01 00 Main rotor

  • 01 Describe the following rotor head systems: teetering (semi-articulated); articulated; hingeless (rigid); bearingless (semi-articulated). Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Describe in basic terms the following configuration of rotor systems and their advantages and disadvantages: tandem; coaxial; side by side. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Explain how flapping, dragging and feathering is achieved in each rotor-head systems. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Identify from a diagram the main structural components of the main types of rotor-head system. Tax: R, PPLH
    02 List and describe the methods used to detect damage and cracks. Tax: F, PPLH
    03 Explain and describe the structural limitations to respective rotor systems, including the dangers of negative G inputs to certain rotor head systems. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Describe the various rotor-head lubrication methods. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Identify from a diagram the main structural components of the main Describe the material technology used in rotor head design, including construction using the following materials or mixture of materials: composites; fibreglass; alloys; elastomers. Tax: B, PPLH

021 15 02 00 Tail rotor

  • 01 Describe the following tail-rotor systems: delta-3 hinge effect; multi-bladed delta-3 effect; Fenestron or ducted fan tail rotor; no tail rotor (NOTAR) low-velocity air jet flows from tangential slots (the Coandă effect); NOTAR high-velocity air jet flows from adjustable nozzles (the Coandă effect). Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Identify from a diagram the main structural components of the four main types of tail rotor system. Tax: R, PPLH
    03 Explain and describe the methods to detect damage and cracks on the tail rotor and assembly. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Explain and describe the structural limitations to the respective tail-rotor systems and possible limitations regarding the turning rate of the helicopter. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Explain and describe the following methods that helicopter designers use to minimise tail rotor drift and roll. Reducing the couple arm (tail rotor on a pylon); off setting the rotor mast; use of “bias” in cyclic control mechanism. Tax: B, PPLH
    06 Explain pitch input mechanisms. Tax: B, PPLH
    07 Explain the relationship between tail rotor thrust and engine power. Tax: B, PPLH
    08 Describe how the vertical fin on some types reduces the power demand of the tail rotor. Tax: F, PPLH
  • 01 List and describe the various tail rotor designs and construction methods used on current helicopters in service. Tax: F, PPLH

Eindterm 021 16 00 00 Helicopter: transmission

021 16 01 00 Main rotor

  • 01 Describe the following main principles of helicopter transmission systems for single- and twin-engine helicopters: drive for the main and tail rotor; accessory drive for the generator(s) alternator(s), hydraulic and oil pump(s), oil cooler(s) and tachometer(s). Tax: B, PPLH

021 16 02 00 Rotor brake

  • 01 Describe the main function of the disc type of rotor brake. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 List the following operational considerations for the use of rotor brakes: rotor speed at engagement of rotor brake; risk of blade sailing in windy conditions; risk of rotor brake overheating and possible fire when brake is applied above the maximum limit, particularly when spilled hydraulic fluid is present; avoid stopping blades over jet pipe exhaust with engine running; cockpit annunciation of rotor brake operation. Tax: F, PPLH

021 16 04 00 Drive shaft and associated installation

  • 01 Describe how power is transmitted from the engine to the main-rotor gearbox. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Describe the material and construction of the drive shaft. Tax: F, PPLH

21 16 05 00 Intermediate and tail gearbox

  • 01 Explain and describe the various arrangements when the drive changes direction and the need for an intermediate or tail gearbox. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Explain the lubrication requirements for intermediate and tail-rotor gearboxes and methods of checking levels. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Explain how on most helicopters the tail-rotor gearbox contains gearing, etc., for the tail-rotor pitch-change mechanism. Tax: B, PPLH

021 16 06 00 Clutches

  • 01 Explain the purpose of a clutch. Tax: B, PPLH

021 16 07 00 Freewheels

  • 01 Explain the purpose of a freewheel. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 021 17 00 00 Helicopter: blades

021 17 01 00 Main-rotor design and blade design

  • 01 Describe the different type of blade construction and the need for torsional stiffness. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 04 Explain the necessity for drag dampers. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe main rotor blade loading on the ground and in flight. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Describe where the most common stress areas are on rotor blades. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the structural limitations in terms of bending and rotor rpm. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Explain the use of trim tabs. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the various blade tip shapes used by different manufacturers and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Tax: B, PPLH

021 17 02 00 Tail-rotor design and blade design

  • 01 Describe the most common design of tail rotor blade construction, consisting of stainless steel shell reinforced by a honeycomb filler and stainless steel leading abrasive strip. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Describe the dangers to ground personnel and to the rotor blades, and how to minimise these dangers. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the tail rotor blade loading on the ground and in flight. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the adjustment of yaw pedals in the cockpit, to obtain full control authority of the tail rotor. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the technical layout of a Fenestron tail rotor. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a Fenestron tail rotor. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the technical layout of a NOTAR design. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Explain the control concepts of a NOTAR. Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a NOTAR design. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 022 01 00 00 Sensors and instruments

022 01 01 00 Pressure gauge

  • 02 List the following units used for pressure: Pascal; bar; inches of mercury (in Hg); pounds per square inch (PSI). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State the relationship between the different units. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 List and describe the following different types of sensors used according to the pressure to be measured: aneroid capsules; diaphragms; bourdon tube. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Identify pressure measurements that are applicable on an aircraft: liquid pressure measurement (fuel, oil, hydraulic); manifold absolute pressure (MAP) gauge. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

022 01 02 00 Temperature sensing

  • 01 Explain temperature (sensing) Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 List the following units that can be used for temperature measurement: Kelvin; Celsius; Fahrenheit. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 State the relationship between these units and convert between them. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Identify temperature measurements that are applicable to an aircraft: gas temperature measurement (ambient air, exhaust gas); liquid temperature measurement (oil). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

022 01 03 00 Fuel gauge

  • 01 State that the quantity of fuel is usually measured by volume. Tax: F, PPLA
    01 State that the quantity of fuel can be measured by volume or mass. Tax: F, PPLH
    02 List the following units used for fuel quantity: litres; gallons (US and imperial). Tax: F, PPLA
    02 List the following units used for fuel quantity: kilogramme; pound; litres; gallons (US and imperial). Tax: F, PPLH
    03 Convert between the various units. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the parameters than can affect the measurement of the volume of the fuel in a fuel tank: temperature; aircraft accelerations and attitudes; and explain how the fuel gauge system design compensates for these changes. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe and explain the operating principles and reliability of the following types of fuel gauges: float system; capacitance-type of fuel-gauge system; ultrasound-type of fuel-gauge system. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

022 01 04 00 Fuel flowmeters

  • 01 Define ‘fuel flow’ and where it is measured. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 State that fuel flow may be measured by volume or mass per unit of time. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 List the following units used for fuel flow when measured by volume per hour: litres/hour; imperial gallons/hour; US gallons/hour. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

022 01 05 00 Tachometer

  • 01 Describe the operating principle of a mechanical (rotating magnet) tachometer. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the typical units for engine speed: rpm for piston-engine aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Explain the typical units for engine speed: percentage for turbine-engine aircraft. Tax: B, PPLH

022 01 07 00 Engine torquemeter

  • 01 Define ‘torque’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the relationship between power, torque and rpm. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 List the following units used for torque: Newton meters; inch or foot pounds. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 State that engine torque can be displayed as a percentage. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 022 02 00 00 Measurement of aerodynamic parameters

022 02 01 00 Pressure measurement

  • 01 Define the following pressure measurements and state the relationship between them: static pressure; dynamic pressure; total pressure. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
  • 01 Describe the design and the operating principle of a: static port/source; pitot tube; combined pitot/static probe. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 For each of these indicate the various locations, describe the following associated errors and how to correct, minimise the effect of or compensate for them: position errors; instrument errors; errors due to a non-longitudinal axial flow (including manoeuvre-induced errors). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe a typical pitot/static system and list the possible outputs. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the purpose of pitot/static heating. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe alternate static sources and their effects when used, particularly in unpressurised aircraft. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

022 02 02 00 Temperature measurement

  • 01 Define outside air temperature (OAT). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

022 02 04 00 Altimeter

  • 01 List the following two units used for altimeters and state the relationship between them: feet; metres. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define the following terms: height, altitude; indicated altitude, true altitude; pressure altitude, density altitude. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Define the following barometric references: ‘QNH’, ‘QFE’, ‘1013,25’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe a simple altimeter (single capsule). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe the following errors: static system errors; instrument error; barometric error; temperature error (air column not at ISA conditions) lag (altimeter response to change of height). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    09 Describe the effects on an altimeter of a blockage or a leakage on the static pressure line . Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

022 02 05 00 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

  • 01 List the two units used for VSI: meters per second; feet per minute. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the operating principles of a VSI (barometric). Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Explain the operating principles of a VSI and an IVSI. Tax: B, PPLH
    04 Describe the following VSI errors: static system errors; Instrument error; time lag. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe the effects on a VSI of a blockage or a leakage on the static pressure line. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Give examples of a VSI display. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH

022 02 06 00 Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

  • 01 List the following three units used for airspeed and state the relationship between them: nautical miles/hour (knots); statute miles/hour; kilometres/hour. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    P01 Define IAS, CAS, TAS and explain the relationship between these speeds. Tax: F, PPLA
    02 Describe the following ASI errors and state when they must be considered: pitot/static system errors; instrument errors; position errors; density errors. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain the operating principles of an ASI (as appropriate to aeroplanes or helicopters). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Give examples of an ASI display: pointer, vertical straight scale. Tax: R, PPLA
    04 Give examples of an ASI display: pointer, vertical straight scale, and digital. Tax: R, PPLH
    05 Demonstrate the use of an ASI correction table for position error. Tax: P, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Define and explain the following colour codes that can be used on an ASI: white arc (flap operating speed range); green arc (normal operating speed range); yellow arc (caution speed range); red line (VNE) Tax: F, PPLA
    07 Define and explain the following colour codes that can be used on an ASI: green arc (normal operating speed range); red line (VNE);blue line (maximum airspeed during autorotation). Tax: F, PPLH
    08 Describe the effects on an ASI of a blockage or a leak in the static or total pressure line(s). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 022 03 00 00 Magnetism – direct reading compass

022 03 01 00 Earth’s magnetic field

  • 01 Describe the magnetic field of the Earth. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Explain the properties of a magnet. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Define the following terms: magnetic variation; magnetic dip (inclination). Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe that a magnetic compass will align itself to both the horizontal and vertical components of the Earth’s magnetic field, thus will not function in the vicinity of the magnetic poles. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Demonstrate the use of variation values (given as East/West (E/W) or +/–) to calculate: true heading to magnetic heading; magnetic heading to true heading. Tax: P, PPLA, PPLH

022 03 02 00 Deviation

  • 01 Explain the following differences between permanent magnetism and electromagnetism: when they are present; what affects their magnitude. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Explain the principles of and the reasons for: compass swinging (determination of initial deviations); compass compensation (correction of deviations found); compass calibration (determination of residual deviations). Tax: B, PPLH
    03 Explain how permanent magnetism within the aircraft structure and electromagnetism from the aircraft systems affect the accuracy of a compass. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the purpose and the use of a deviation correction card. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Demonstrate the use of deviation values (either given as E/W or +/–) from a compass deviation card to calculate: compass heading to magnetic heading; magnetic heading to compass heading. Tax: P, PPLH

022 03 03 00 Direct Reading Magnetic Compass

  • 01 Explain the purpose of a direct reading magnetic compass. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Describe how the direct-reading magnetic compass will only show correct indications during straight, level and unaccelerated flight, and that an error will occur during the following flight manoeuvres (no numerical examples): acceleration and deceleration; turning. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Describe how the direct-reading magnetic compass will only show correct indications during straight, level and unaccelerated flight, and that an error will occur during the following flight manoeuvres (no numerical examples): acceleration and deceleration; turning; during pitch-up or pitch-down manoeuvres. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 022 04 00 00 Gyroscopic instruments

022 04 01 00 Gyroscope: basic principles

  • 01 Define a ‘gyro’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the following terms: rigidity; wander (drift/topple). Tax: B, PPLA
    04 Explain the following terms: rigidity; precession; wander (drift/topple). Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Explain the three types of gyro wander: real wander; apparent wander; transport wander. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the two ways of driving gyroscopes and any associated indications: air/vacuum; electrically. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

022 04 02 00 Turn and bank indicator

  • 01 Explain the purpose of a rate-of-turn and balance (slip) indicator. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Define a ‘rate-1 turn’. Tax: F, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the indications given by a rate-of-turn indicator. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Explain the relation between bank angle, rate of turn and TAS (no calculations). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Explain the purpose of a balance (slip) indicator and its principle of operation. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    06 Describe the indications of a rate-of-turn and balance (slip) indicator during a balanced, slip or skid turn. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    07 Describe the indications given by a turn coordinator (or turn-and-bank indicator). Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    08 Compare the indications of a rate-of-turn indicator and the turn coordinator. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH

022 04 03 00 Attitude indicator (artificial horizon)

  • 01 Explain the purpose of the attitude indicator. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Identify the two types of attitude indicators: attitude indicator; attitude and director indicator (ADI). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the effects of aircraft acceleration and turns on the instrument indications. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    05 Describe a typical attitude display and instrument markings. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

022 04 04 00 Directional gyroscope

  • 01 Explain the purpose of the directional gyroscope. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    02 Identify the two types of gyro-driven direction indicators: direction indicator; horizontal situation indicator (HSI). Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Explain how the directional gyroscope will drift over time due to the following: rotation of the Earth; aircraft manoeuvring; aircraft movement over the Earth’s surface/direction of travel. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    04 Describe the procedure for the pilot to align the directional gyroscope to the correct compass heading. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 022 12 00 00 Alerting systems, proximity systems

022 12 03 00 Stall warning systems (SWSs)

  • 01 Describe the function of an SWS and explain why the warning must be unique. Tax: B, PPLA
    02 Describe the different types of SWSs. Tax: R, PPLA
    03 List the main components of an SWS Tax: B, PPLA
    04 Explain the difference between the stall warning speed and the actual stalling speed of the aeroplane. Tax: B, PPLA

022 12 11 00 Rotor/engine overspeed alert system

  • 01 Describe the basic design principles, operation, displays and warning/alarm systems fitted to different helicopters. Tax: B, PPLH

Eindterm 022 13 00 00 Integrated instruments – electronic displays

022 13 03 00 Electronic flight instrument systems (EFISs)

  • 01 Describe that a PFD (or an EADI) presents a dynamic colour display of all the parameters necessary to control the aircraft, and that the main layout conforms with the ‘basic T’ principle: attitude information in the centre; airspeed information on the left; altitude information on the right; heading/track indication lower centre. Tax: B, PPLA
    01 Describe that a PFD (or an EADI) presents a dynamic colour display of all the parameters necessary to control the aircraft, and that the main layout conforms with the ‘basic T’ principle: attitude information in the centre; airspeed information on the left; altitude information on the right; heading/track indication lower centre; flight mode annunciation; basic T; take-off and landing reference speeds; minimum airspeed; lower selectable airspeed. Tax: B, PPLH
    02 Describe the typical design of the attitude information: artificial horizon with aircraft symbol; superimposed flight director command bars. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH
    03 Describe the typical design of the speed tape: B: rolling speed scale with numerical read-out of current speed; limiting airspeeds according to configuration; speed trend vector. Tax: B, PPLA
    03 Describe the typical design of the speed tape: rolling speed scale with numerical read-out of current speed; limiting airspeeds according to configuration; speed trend vector; bug/indication for selected airspeed. Tax: B, PPLH
    05 Describe the typical design of the altitude information: rolling altitude scale with numerical read-out of current altitude; altimeter pressure setting; bug/indication for selected altitude. Tax: B, PPLA, PPLH

Eindterm 071 02 00 00 Special operational procedures and hazards – general aspects

071 02 05 00 Fire and smoke

  • p01 List the actions to be taken in the event of a carburettor fire. Tax: F, PPLA
    01 Explain that the actions to be taken in the event of a carburettor fire may be type-specific and should be known by the pilot. Tax: B, PPLH
  • p01 List the actions to be taken in the event of an engine fire. Tax: F, PPLA
    01 Explain that the actions to be taken in the event of an engine fire may be type-specific and should be known by the pilot. Tax: B, PPLH
  • 01 Identify the different types of extinguishants used in handheld fire extinguishers and the type of fire on which each one may be used. Tax: R, PPLA, PPLH
  • p01 Explain the actions to be taken in the event of smoke in the cockpit or in the cabin. Tax: B, PPLA
    01 Explain which actions should be taken in the event of smoke in the flight crew compartment or in the cabin, why these actions may be type-specific, and why they should be known by the pilot. Tax: B, PPLH

Wijzigingen

  • 021 01 03 01 04 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 02 03 01 01 Vervangen Describe the following types of design and explain their advantages and disadvantages door Describe the following types of design and explain their properties.
    021 02 04 01 01 Toegevoegd Truss construction
    021 03 02 02 01 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 03 02 02 04 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 03 02 02 05 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 03 02 02 13 Verwijderd opsomming van de componenten.
    021 04 01 01 Toegevoegd and materials
    021 04 01 02 01 Vervangen LO door 021 04 02 01 02
    021 04 03 01 02 Verwijderd steel, carbon
    021 07 00 00 Verwijderd de-icing
    021 07 01 01 01 Verwijderd de-icing
    021 07 01 01 04A Verwijderd de-icing
    021 07 01 01 04H Verwijderd de-icing
    021 08 01 01 02 Verwijderd and give typical values regarding their flash points, freezing points and density.
    021 08 01 02 07 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 08 02 01 Verwijderd Fuel: types, characteristics, limitations
    021 08 02 01 01 Verwijderd State the types of fuel used by a gas turbine engine: JET-A; JET-A1; JET-B.
    021 08 02 02 02 Verwijderd fuel dump/jettison system.Remark: For completion of list, please see 021 08 01 02 (02).
    021 09 01 01 03 Verwijderd Explain why an aircraft must first be grounded before refuelling/defueling.
    021 09 01 01 P01 Toegevoegd Protection against interference
    021 09 01 01 P02 Toegevoegd Lightning effects
    021 09 01 03 01 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 09 01 03 04 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 09 01 06 01 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    021 09 01 07 Vervangen Circuit protection door Electric Components
    021 09 02 01 03A Verwijderd niet relevant voor PPL
    021 09 04 04 04 Verwijderd niet relevant voor PPL
    021 09 04 04 05 Verwijderd niet relevant voor PPL
    021 10 02 01 01 Toegevoegd MOGAS
    021 10 03 01 01 Verplaatst onder 021 08 01 02 04
    021 10 05 00 Toegevoegd AIR
    021 11 01 02 04 Verwijderd List the different types of gas turbine engines: straight jet; turbo fan; turbo prop.
    021 11 02 02 02 Toegevoegd Describe the working principle of a centrifugal and an axial flow compressor.
    021 11 02 02 03 Toegevoegd Name the following main components of a single stage and describe their function for a centrifugal compressor: impeller; diffuser.
    021 11 02 02 04 Toegevoegd Name the following main components of a single stage and describe their function for an axial compressor: rotor vanes; stator vanes
    021 16 05 00 Toegevoegd Intermediate and tail gearbox
    021 16 05 01 Toegevoegd Lubrication, gearing
    021 16 05 01 01 Toegevoegd Explain and describe the various arrangements when the drive changes direction and the need for an intermediate or tail gearbox.
    021 16 05 01 02 Toegevoegd Explain the lubrication requirements for intermediate and tail-rotor gearboxes and methods of checking levels.
    021 16 05 01 03 Toegevoegd Explain how on most helicopters the tail-rotor gearbox contains gearing, etc., for the tail-rotor pitch-change mechanism.
    021 17 01 02 01 Verwijderd List the materials used in the construction of main rotor blades.
    021 17 01 02 02 Verwijderd List the main structural components of a main-rotor blade and their function.
    021 17 01 02 04 Toegevoegd Explain the necessity for drag dampers.
    022 01 01 01 03 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 02 01 01 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 02 01 02 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 02 01 03 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 02 01 04 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 03 01 05 Samengevoegd Samengevoegd: is voor A en H
    022 01 05 01 02 Gesplitst in A en H
    022 01 07 01 01 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 07 01 02 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 07 01 03 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 01 07 01 04 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 02 00 00 Vervangen ‘Air data’ door ‘aerodynamic’
    022 02 06 01 04H Verwijderd (HUD display)
    022 03 00 00 Verwijderd Verwijderd: ‘and flux valve’
    022 03 01 01 02 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 03 01 01 05 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 04 02 00 Vervangen LO <em>door</em> Turn and bank indicator
    022 04 03 01 02 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A
    022 12 03 00 Toegevoegd Nieuw LO Stall Warning Systems
    022 12 03 01 01 Toegevoegd Describe the function of an SWS and explain why the warning must be unique.
    022 12 03 01 02 Toegevoegd Describe the different types of SWSs.
    022 12 03 01 03 Toegevoegd List the main components of an SWS
    022 12 03 01 04 Toegevoegd Explain the difference between the stall warning speed and the actual stalling speed of the aeroplane.
    022 13 03 02 01H Verwijderd Mach number
    022 13 03 02 05 Aangepast Leerdoel voor H en A

feedback